Uno de los desafíos permanentes de la industria alimentaria radica en la necesidad de extender el ciclo de vida de los productos, conservando de forma adecuada sus cualidades fundamentales. Para ello, incorporar el elemento científico a los procesos es clave, un camino en el que el Centro Tecnológico para la Innovación Alimentaria (CeTA) está avanzando y apoyando a los emprendedores disponiendo equipos de vanguardia para la deshidratación.
La conservación de los alimentos ha sido un tema recurrente en la historia humana, ya que siempre significó una fragilidad y una traba en el desarrollo de las civilizaciones. En épocas lejanas “salar la carne” o la propagación del uso de especies originarias de Asia, fueron métodos rudimentarios que buscaron prolongar un proceso de descomposición que aparecía como inevitable. Asimismo, el uso de técnicas de conservación y la incorporación de la refrigeración, extendieron los límites.
Otra alternativa de probada eficacia es la deshidratación, proceso que busca disminuir el porcentaje de agua de los alimentos, evitando el desarrollo de microorganismos y reacciones bioquímicas que puedan dañarlos. El Centro Tecnológico para la Innovación Alimentaria (CeTA) ha explorado estos procesos incorporando las últimas mejoras científicas del rubro, las que se plasman en una serie de equipos de alta gama dirigidos principalmente a los emprendedores del país.
María José Bustos, subgerente de Negocios de CeTA, explica que el Centro busca generar un salto cualitativo en los procesos de la industria alimentaria permitiendo a los emprendedores acercarse de forma natural a la incorporación de tecnología y ciencia a sus productos. “Hay dos dimensiones que resultan muy importantes trabajar. La primera es que como país productor de alimentos es importante agregar valor a los productos y en eso, el estudio, el análisis y la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías es clave. La segunda, es la viabilidad de las iniciativas desde un punto de vista comercial, única forma de abrir mercados y mantenerse. En ese sentido, CeTA tiene una línea de trabajo en el tema de la deshidratación, apoyada por equipos de alta gama que ya están aportando en algunos emprendimientos”.
Efectivamente, hoy CeTA trabaja con tres tecnologías de deshidratación: microondas al vacío, secado spray y liofilización, cuyos procesos permiten reducir la humedad de los productos a través de la aplicación de diferentes formas de energía. Así, además de dar un valor agregado a las materias primas aumentando los tiempos de conservación, desde un punto de vista comercial, permite disminuir el peso y el volumen de los alimentos, y reducir los costos de transporte y almacenamiento.
Microondas al vacío
A nivel nacional y escala piloto, el Centro de Innovación de CeTA ubicado en La Araucanía, es el único recinto que cuenta con un equipo de secado de microondas al vacío. Una tecnología de deshidratación que ha dado buenos resultados comparables a los entregados por la liofilización, incluso demostrando ser menos costosa.
Esta técnica permite a través de la ventaja del calentamiento por penetración de microondas, combinada con el ambiente de la cámara de vacío, trabajar utilizando bajas temperaturas y obtener un secado más rápido de los materiales. De esta manera, se minimiza la pérdida de nutrientes y se evita el contacto del oxígeno con las materias primas, disminuyendo el efecto de oxidación. Se trata entonces de una tecnología que no sólo ofrece mejores tiempos de trabajo, sino que permite una producción de buena calidad.
Estas máquinas son utilizadas ampliamente no sólo en la industria alimentaria, sino también en la farmacéutica, por ejemplo, en el secado de extractos o productos biológicos sensibles al calor.
Secado spray
Es una técnica que en la industria se ha utilizado preferentemente para elaborar café, té, leche en polvo, sazonadores, entre otros. Consiste en transformar un elemento originalmente líquido a un estado sólido particulado o polvo, mediante la atomización de la solución en un medio caliente y seco.
Liofilización
Este proceso consiste en llegar al interior de un alimento, aumentar su temperatura y producir la remoción del agua a través de la evaporación, sin una transición al estado líquido. Se caracteriza por obtener productos altamente estables desde el punto de vista químico y microbiológico además de ofrecer una alta calidad sensorial y nutricional, siendo una de las tecnologías que mejor preserva los nutrientes.
En Chile, snacks de frutas o productos listos para consumir, han sido desarrollados con estas tecnologías mayoritariamente por emprendedores que han contado con el apoyo de CeTA, con el objetivo de disminuir el alto costo de estos procesos de deshidratación. Algunos de los productos desarrollados en la planta de pilotaje de la zona sur son Sabor Ruibarbo, Blue lake Organic, Spirulina Mater, entre otros.En esta línea, CETA busca acelerar la tecnología en alimentos a través de la creación de Centros de Innovación, ubicados en zonas estratégicas del país, conformando además una Red Nacional de Pilotaje. En el marco de su oferta descentralizada como soporte de la innovación, CETA inaugurará una nueva planta piloto para el desarrollo de innovadoras soluciones alimenticias en la Región de Coquimbo.
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